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(Top)

1Geographic distribution

2Phonology
Toggle Phonology subsection

2.1Western Tawbuid

2.1.1Vowels

2.1.2Consonants

2.1.3Historical comparison

2.1.4Glottals

2.1.5Assimilation

2.1.6Description of phonemes

3References

4External links

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Tawbuid language

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines

Tawbuid
Native to | Philippines
Region | Mindoro

Native speakers

14,000 (2000)[1]

Language family

Austronesian

Malayo-Polynesian

Philippine

Greater Central Philippine

South Mangyan

Tawbuid

Language codes

ISO 639-3

Either:
bnj – Eastern Tawbuid
twb – Western Tawbuid

Glottolog | bata1318

The Tawbuid language is a language spoken by Tawbuid Mangyans in the province of Mindoro in the Philippines. It is divided into eastern and western dialects. The Bangon Mangyans also speak the western dialect of Tawbuid.

Geographic distribution[edit source]

The Tau-buid (or Tawbuid) Mangyans live in central Mindoro.

In Oriental Mindoro, Eastern Tawbuid (also known as Bangon) is spoken by 1,130 people in the municipalities of Socorro, Pinamalayan, and Gloria.[1]

In Occidental Mindoro, Western Tawbuid (also known as Batangan) is spoken by 6,810 people in the municipalities of Sablayan and Calintaan.[1]

Phonology[edit source]

Western Tawbuid[edit source]

Vowels[edit source]

| Front | Central | Back
Close | i | ɨ | u
Mid | e | | ɔ
Open | | a |

Consonants[edit source]

| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar
Nasal | m | n | | ŋ
Plosive | voiceless | p | t | | k
voiced | b | d | | g
Fricative | f | s | |
Liquid | lateral | | l | |
flap | | ɾ | |
Approximant | w | | j |

Historical comparison[edit source]

Comparison with related languages shows a gradual loss of /k/ > /h/ > /Ø/. For example:

Tagalog: ako, > Buhid: aho > Tawbuid: au 'I'

kami > hami > ami 'we'

There is a residual /k/ in the 1st person singular, in the affix /ak-/, usually shortened in speech to /k-/. E.g. kadasug kban (or akban) 'I will arrive.'

Glottals[edit source]

There are no glottal phonemes, either /h/ or /ʔ/, in Tawbuid.

The glottal stop [ʔ] may be realized between adjacent identical vowels. Normally though, in connected speech, two adjacent vowels are either merged to form a lengthened vowel or differentiated by stress. For example:

fakafanyuun 'love' may be pronounced /fakafanyu'ʔun/ or /fakafan'yu:n/

fagfanyaan 'waiting place' /fakfanya'ʔan/ or /fakfan'ya:n/

naali 'dug' /na'ali/ or /na'ʔali/

Notice that in the above, the stress precedes the glottal, whereas without a glottal, the stress is in the normal position for that particular stress pattern. Vowels following /i/ and /u/ offer different interpretations as to whether a linking /y/ or /w/ is present. For example:

siu or siyu 'elbow'

tua or tuwa: grammatical marker

Assimilation[edit source]

There is a remarkable absence of assimilation at the point of articulation of nasals with following sounds. For example:

lanbung 'shade, clothing' (rather than */lambung/) (cf. Tagalog: lambung)

sangdaw 'animal trap' (not */sandaw/)

angru 'dried bulu (kind of bamboo)' (not */anru/)

anbul 'taken, died' (not */ambul/)

Description of phonemes[edit source]

/i/ close front spread

occurs syllable-initial, middle and final

idu 'dog'

lino 'lake, sea, body of water'

katsi 'now, today'

/e/ half close front spread

Established as a phoneme in contrast with /i/ by minimal pairs

lili 'said while tickling pig'

lele 'tongue'

liplip 'blink eyes, flash light'

leplep 'tongue'

Occurrence in similar environment:

seud 'steam or boil to cook'

siun 'right-hand side'

Historically this was most likely /ay/. It is a common occurrence in languages around the world for /ay/ to become /e/, as in French and English. (Tagalog also exhibits this trend, with may being pronounced /me/ in connected speech.) Comparison of Tawbuid with related languages shows this:

wase 'axe' , cf. other dialects, including Alangan, Ilocano: wasay

sunge 'horn', cf. Tagalog sungay

abe 'winged bean' cf. Iraya abay.

Within Tawbuid, /ay/ and /e/ alternate with different grammatical forms of the same word.

sable 'cross a hill'

sablayan 'the place where you arrive after crossing a hill'

-duge 'a long time' (root word)

kadugean or kadugayan 'elapsed time'

/a/ open central unrounded

Vowel which occurs in syllable-initial, mid and final positions.

amlung 'species of vine'

ban 'species of tree'

fana 'arrow'

/o/ half-open back rounded

Established as a phoneme in contrast with /u/ by minimal pairs

biu 'species of shell'

bio 'eagle'

susu 'breast'

soso 'rinsed nami'

As with /e/, this is probably a historical development of /aw/. A similar process occurred in English and French.

o 'you (singular)' cf. Buhid haw

ano 'fan palm' cf. Tagalog anahaw

fiso 'bush knife' cf. Alangan, Indonesian, pisaw

/u/ close back rounded

Syllable-initial, middle and final

u 'fingernail, toenail'

ugak 'crow'

fagut 'tame'

alu 'mortar'

/ɨ/ close central unrounded

Syllable-initial, middle and final

vtv 'immediate, subsequent'

gvnas 'pull leaves off stalk'

In orthography, the letter v is used. In the 1950s when the Reeds started writing the language, that was a convenient (and unused) letter on the typewriter. It is the least frequent vowel (>1%), and in fact the least frequent phoneme (>0.5%) in the language. It mostly occurs with /a/ or /ɨ/ in an adjacent syllable. In all but one word (tibanglvn) /a/ and /ɨ/ are the only vowels used. (One exception noted: the name of a river near Tundayaw is Guribvy.)

/b/ voiced bilabial plosive

Syllable-initial and final. For example:

bio 'eagle'

kalub 'fall face down'

/p/ voiceless bilabial plosive

Environment: syllable-initial (but rare word-initial) and final

Variants: [p] voiceless unaspirated bilabial plosive

Environment: syllable-initial

patuy 'compressed lump of soaked nami'

paras 'small mouse species'

agipan 'scorpion'

apalya 'ampalaya, bitter gourd'

napsug 'full, satisfied with food'

[pʰ] voiceless slightly aspirated bilabial plosive

Environment: word-final

tap 'number'

/p/ is established as a phoneme in contrast with /f/ by the following:

There is at least one minimal pair:

tapi 'count (imperative)', from root tap plus suffix -i

tafi 'slash, chop mark from a knife'

/p/ is in contrastive distribution with /f/ under the following circumstances:

/f/ is never syllable-final, but /p/ can be.

/f/ cannot be followed by /ɨ/, but /p/ frequently is. (e.g./yapvs/ 'skin boil', /yafus/ 'cockroach')

/d/ voiced alveolar plosive

Syllable-initial and final.

dufa 'armspan'

galiad 'have a cut under one's toe'

baladbad 'woodpecker'

Realised as [t] before voiceless consonants, most frequently in the verb form CVd-root-an.

/kadkafanyu'an/ > [katkafanyu'an] 'loving one another'

/t/ voiceless alveolar plosive

Environment: syllable-initial and final

Variants:

[t] voiceless unaspirated alveolar plosive

Environment: syllable-initial

take 'arm'

makatu 'able'

[tʰ] voiceless slightly aspirated (or released without aspiration) plosive

Environment: word-final

mabiat 'heavy'

meut 'vegetation'

/g/ voiced velar plosive

Environment: syllable-initial and final, or initial cluster.

gewan 'come here'

ragbas 'cut grass'

salug 'floor'

Realised as [k] before voiceless consonants, for example in the verb prefix g-, and prefixes tag-, fag-.

/gted/ > [kted] 'holding'

/'gfili/ > ['kfili] 'choosing'

/tagti'ug/ > [takti'ug] 'the one who is sleeping'

/k/ voiceless velar plosive

Environment: syllable-initial and final

[k] voiceless unaspirated bilabial plosive

Environment: syllable-initial

kesug 'love, cherish'

nasuksuan 'hidden'

[kʰ] voiceless slightly aspirated plosive

Environment: word-final

sinduk 'peck'

atsik 'click'

There is a tendency for the initial /k/ to be lost in Tawbuid compared to similar words in related languages. For example:

Tag. kasalanan > Tb. asalanan 'sin'

Tag. Kinarawan > Tb. Inaruan 'river name'

Tag. katay > Tb. ate 'kill' (root word)

/f/ voiceless labiodental fricative

Environment: syllable-initial only. See comments on /p/ for contrastive features.

faglon 'second most recently born child in a family'

fatfat 'thrash around'

Rare in Austronesian languages. Historically related to Tagalog and other Philippine languages. /p/. For example:

afuy 'fire' (Tagalog: apoy)

fana 'arrow' (Tagalog: pana)

fag grammatical linker (other Mangyan languages except Buhid, pag)

/s/ voiceless alveolar fricative

Can occur in all syllable positions, and in the initial consonant cluster /st/. The affricate /ts/ is treated as a unit rather than two successive consonants.

/m/ bilabial nasal

Can occur in all syllable positions.

/n/ dental nasal

Environment: syllable-initial and final and syllabic

nanan 'cooked sweet potato'

ntama [n'tama] 'cooked'

/ŋ/ velar nasal

Environment: syllable-initial and final and syllabic

ngenge 'baby, youngest child in family'

song 'cough'

ngurang [ŋ'guraŋ] 'matured, grew up'

/l/ voiced alveolar palatalized lateral

Environment: syllable-initial and final

laman 'so that, in order to'

menal 'bitter, astringent tasting'

/R/ voiced alveolar flap

Environment: syllable-initial and (rarely) final

ria 'ginger'

makerker 'shoddy'

/w/ voiced bilabial approximant

Environment: syllable-initial and final

waswas 'chop with knife'

taw 'person'

madaylaw 'tiring'

/y/ voiced palatal approximant

Environment: syllable-initial and final

yukyuk 'kind of spirit'

sumyu 'finger, toe'

advy 'expression of pain'

Stress patterns

Primary stress in Tawbuid is either final or penultimate. Most words are stressed unpredictably, and in some speakers, all syllables seem to be equally stressed. Modification in stress occurs in affective speech (see below).

Some syllable patterns have predictable stress. A word containing two adjacent syllables with CVC patterns are stressed on the second of those two syllables, whether final or not.

/nabag'bag/ 'attacked with knife'

/bulat'lat/ 'species of grass'

/fag'lon/ 'second most recently born child'

/fan'dagum/ 'charm made of resin'

/kafan'donan/ 'night is falling'

Words with two identical CVC patterns interrupted by /-ar-/ or /-al-/ are also stressed on the second of those two CVC syllables.

/falung'fung/ 'sapling'

/balang'bang/ 'thigh'

Where the final and penultimate syllables are open, and the vowels are the same, the stress is penultimate.

susu 'breast'

lele 'tongue'

langipi 'wasp species'

gigi 'dent'

soso 'rinsed nami'

vtv 'immediate'

But when the vowels are different, stress can occur unpredictably.

final: /nla'fi/ 'flattened'

penultimate: /'lafi/ 'shoulder'

final: /a'fuy/ 'fire'

penultimate: /'kafuy/ 'cry noiselessly in sleep'

A root word can change its stress when affixes are added, because affixes carry their own inherent stress.

/'sadi/ 'one' (penultimate)

/ma'sadi/ 'united' (penultimate)

/fagmasadi'un/ 'unity' (final)

/namasadi'an/ 'agreement' (final)

In affective speech (utterances in which the speaker wishes to convey emotion), lengthening may change stress:

/na'taw/ 'what?' may become /:na:taw/ when said with rising pitch on the first syllable and low pitch on the second. This indicates acute surprise.

Secondary stress and tertiary stress

In words of more than three syllables there is a secondary and even a tertiary stress.

/²fagma³balyan¹anun/ 'power'

/³fag²kedkesu¹ganun/ 'mutual love'

Accent

Within the Western Tawbuid region, there are distinctive accents as well as vocabulary preferences. Taking the rebuke lag katanya 'don't do that':

Balani: mid, mid, mid-to-high rising, low.

Lagutay: mid-low falling, mid, mid-low falling, mid-low falling

Anawin: mid, mid, mid-semitone higher, mid.

A rebuke or any utterance conveying a negative emotion is frequently said with lips rounded throughout.

Syllable patterns

V

Monosyllabic words are: e, o, u

Some words beginning with a vowel have a V syllable-initial pattern.

alu, ogo, umu, vtv 'pestle', 'water-skater', 'royal jelly', 'immediate, subsequent'

V-CV

emad, ifag 'louse', 'sister/brother-in-law' V-CVC

C – in the case of the completed aspect prefix /n-/

ndasug 'arrived' C-CV-CVC

VC

agbvt, 'great, large' VC-CVC

amlung 'species of vine'

ekwan 'share of harvest'

CVC

ban 'species of tree' CVC

dot 'species of snake'

tap 'number'

faglon 'second youngest child' CVC-CVC

fadeg 'field' CV-CVC

CCV

ste 'here' CCV

glo, gbul 'going', 'getting' CCV

tsiuy 'there' CCV-VC

CVC with semivowels

inday 'which?' VC-CVC

araw 'forest' V-CVC

fuyfurit 'species of bat' CVC-CV-CVC

baybay 'plentiful' (root) CVC-CVC

References[edit source]

^ Jump up to: a b c Eastern Tawbuid at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Western Tawbuid at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

External links[edit source]

Mangyan Heritage Center

Zorc, R. David. 1972. Taubuid (Batangan) notes.

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Lampungic

Lampung

Lampung Nyo

Lampung Api

Komering

Javanese

Javanese

Kawi / Old Javanese †

Banyumasan

Osing

Tenggerese

Madurese

Madurese

Kangean

Bali–Sasak
–Sumbawa

Balinese

Sasak

Sumbawa

Celebic

Bungku–Tolaki

Bahonsuai

Bungku

Kodeoha

Kulisusu

Moronene

Mori Bawah

Mori Atas

Padoe

Rahambuu

Tolaki

Tomadino

Waru

Wawonii

Muna–Buton

Bonerate

Busoa

Cia-Cia

Kaimbulawa

Kumbewaha

Lasalimu

Liabuku

Muna

Pancana

Tukang Besi

Saluan–Banggai

Andio

Balantak

Banggai

Batui

Bobongko

Saluan

Tomini–Tolitoli *

Balaesang

Boano ?

Dampelas

Dondo

Lauje

Pendau

Taje

Tajio

Tomini

Totoli ?

Kaili–Wolio *

Kaili–Pamona

Kaili

Mbelala

Moma

Pamona

Rampi

Sarudu

Sedoa

Topoiyo

Uma

Wotu–Wolio

Kalao

Kamaru

Laiyolo

Ledo Kaili *

Wolio

Wotu

South Sulawesi

Bugis

Buginese

Campalagian

Embaloh ?

Taman

Makassaric

Makassarese

Bentong

Coastal Konjo

Highland Konjo

Selayar

Seko–Badaic *

Seko

Budong-Budong

Panasuan

Seko Padang

Seko Tengah

Badaic *

Bada

Behoa

Napu

Northern

Mamuju

Mandar

Massenrempulu

Duri

Enrekang

Maiwa

Malimpung

Pitu Ulunna Salu

Aralle-Tabulahan

Bambam

Dakka

Pannei

Ulumandaʼ

Toraja

Kalumpang

Mamasa

Pattae'

Lawa

Talondoʼ ?

Toraja-Saʼdan

Lemolang

Isolates

Chamorro

Palauan

show
Central Malayo-Polynesian languages

Bima

Bima

Sumba–Flores

Sumba–Hawu

Savu

Hawu

Dhao

Sumba

Kambera

Mamboru

Anakalangu

Wanukaka

Pondok

Baliledo

Wejewa

Lamboya

Kodi

Gaura

Western Flores

Komodo

Manggarai

Riung

Rembong

Rajong

Kepoʼ

Wae Rana

Palu'e

Ende

Lio

Nagé-Kéo

Ngadha

Rongga

Soʼa

Flores–Lembata

Sika

Kedang

Lamaholot

Lamaholot

Alorese

Lamatuka

Lewo Eleng

Levuka

South Lembata

Lamalera

Lewotobi

Adonara

Ile Ape

Mingar

Selaru

Selaru

Seluwasan

Kei–Tanimbar ?

Kei

Fordata

Yamdena

Onin

Sekar

Uruangnirin

Aru

Barakai

Batuley

Dobel

Karey

Koba

Kola

Lola

Lorang

Manombai

Mariri

Tarangan

Ujir

Timoric *

Helong

Tetum

Uab Meto

Amarasi

Central Timor *

Kemak

Tukudede

Mambai

Bekais

Wetar–Galoli ?

Wetar

Galoli

Kawaimina

Kairui

Waimoa

Midiki

Naueti ?

Habun ?

Luangic–Kisaric ?

Romang

Kisar

Leti

Luang

Makuva

Rote–Meto *

Bilba

Dengka

Lole

Ringgou

Dela-Oenale

Termanu

Tii

Babar

Idalaka

West Damar

Dawera-Daweloor

North Babar

Dai

Masela

Serili

Southeast Babar

Emplawas

Imroing

Telaʼa

Southwest Maluku

East Damar

Teun

Nila

Serua

Kowiai ?

Kowiai

Central Maluku *

Teor-Kur

West

Ambelau

Buru

Lisela

Hukumina †

Moksela †

Sula

Mangole

Taliabo

East

Banda

Bati

Geser

Watubela

Bobot

Masiwang

Hoti †

Benggoi

Salas

Liana

Nunusaku

Kayeli †

Nuaulu

Huaulu

Manusela

Wemale

Yalahatan

Piru Bay ?

Asilulu

Luhu

Manipa

Wakasihu

Boano

Sepa-Teluti

Paulohi

Kaibobo

Hitu

Tulehu

Laha

Seit-Kaitetu

Kamarian †

Haruku

Amahai

Nusa Laut

Saparua

Latu

show
Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages

SHWNG

Tandia †

Mor

Waropen

Warembori ?

Yoke ?

Halmahera Sea

Ambel–Biga

Ambel

Biga

Maya–Matbat

Ma'ya

Matbat

Maden

Maden

Fiawat

As

As

South Halmahera

Gane

Taba

Buli

Maba

Patani

Sawai

Gebe

Cenderawasih

Biakic

Biak

Dusner †

Meoswar

Roon

Yapen

Ambai

Ansus

Marau

Wamesa

Wooi

Munggui

Papuma

Pom

Serui-Laut

Kurudu

Wabo

Southwest

Yaur

Yerisiam

Umar

Oceanic

Admiralty

Yapese ?

Eastern

Manus

Baluan-Pam

Lenkau

Lou

Nauna

Penchal

Western

Northern Kaniet †

Southern Kaniet †

Seimat

Wuvulu

Aua

Saint Matthias

Mussau-Emira

Tenis

Temotu

Utupua

Amba

Asumboa

Tanimbili

Vanikoro

Teanu

Lovono

Tanema

Reefs–Santa Cruz

Äiwoo

Engdewu / Nanggu

Natügu / Santa Cruz

Nalögo

Noipx

Southeast
Solomonic

Gela–Guadalcanal

Bugotu

Gela

Lengo

Birao

Ghari

Malango

Talise

Malaita–
San Cristobal

Longgu

Sa'a

Arosi

Fagani

Bauro

Kahua

Owa

Marau Wawa ? †

Toʼabaita

Baelelea

Baeggu

Fataleka

Lau

Kwara'ae

Wala

Gula'alaa

Kwaio

Dori'o

ꞋAreꞌare

Oroha

Western
Oceanic

Meso–
Melanesian

Willaumez

Bola

Bulu

Meramera

Nakanai

Bali-Vitu

Bali

Vitu

New Ireland–
Northwest
Solomonic

Tungag–Nalik

Kara

Laxudumau

Nalik

Tiang

Tigak

Tungag

Tabar

Lihir

Madara

Notsi

Madak

Barok

Lavatbura–Lamusong

Madak

St. George

Bilur

Fanamaket

Guramalum †

Kandas

Konomala

Label

Lungalunga

Niwer Mil

Patpatar

Ramoaaina

Siar

Sursurunga

Tangga

Tolai

Northwest
Solomonic

Babatana

Bannoni

Blablanga

Cheke Holo

Gao

Ghanongga

Hahon

Hakö

Halia

Hoava

Kazukuru †

Kokota

Kusaghe

Laghu †

Lungga

Marovo

Mono-Alu

Nduke

Nehan

Papapana

Petats

Piva

Ririo

Roviana

Saposa

Simbo

Solos

Teop

Tinputz

Torau

Ughele

Uruava †

Vaghua

Vangunu

Varisi

Zabana

Zazao

Tomoip

North
New Guinea

Sarmi–
Jayapura ?

Anus

Bonggo

Kayupulau

Liki

Masimasi

Ormu

Podena

Kaptiau

Sobei

Tarpia

Tobati

Wakde

Yamna

Schouten

Arop-Sissano

Sera

Sissano

Ulau-Suain

Tumleo

Yakamul

Kaiep

Kairiru

Terebu

Biem

Kis

Manam

Medebur

Sepa

Wogeo

Huon Gulf

Bukawa

Kela

Yabem

Aribwatsa †

Aribwaung

Adzera

Dangal

Duwet

Labu

Maralango

Mari

Musom

Nafi

Silisili

Wampar

Wampur

Hote

Iwal

Kapin

Kumalu

Mangga Buang

Mapos Buang

Mumeng

Piu

Vehes

Yamap

Numbami

Ngero–Vitiaz

Bariai

Gitua

Kove

Lusi

Malalamai

Mutu

Awad Bing

Bilibil

Gedaged

Marik

Matukar

Mindiri

Takia

Wab

Lamogai

Mouk-Aria

Aigon

Karore

Kaulong †

Miu

Sengseng

Aiklep

Akolet

Apalik

Avau

Bebeli

Gimi

Lesing-Gelimi

Mangseng

Solong

Lote

Mamusi

Mengen

Arop-Lukep

Karnai

Malasanga

Mur Pano

Mato

Ronji

Amara

Maleu

Mbula

Sio

Tami

Papuan Tip

Nuclear

ʼAuhelawa

Buhutu

Bwanabwana

Oya'oya

Saliba

Suau

Unubahe

Wagawaga

Bwaidoka

Diodio

Iamalele

Iduna

Koluwawa

Maiadomu

Bunama

Boselewa

Dobu

Duau

Galeya

Molima

Mwatebu

Sewa Bay

Dawawa

Kakabai

Are

Arifama-Miniafia

Doga

Gapapaiwa

Ghayavi

Kaninuwa

Ubir

Gweda

Haigwai

Maiwala

Minaveha

Taupota

Tawala

Yakaikeke

Anuki

Gumawana

Kilivila–Misima

Budibud

Kilivila

Misima

Muyuw

Nimoa–Sudest

Nimoa

Sudest

Southern
Oceanic

North
Vanuatu

Torres–Banks

Dorig

Hiw

Koro

Lakon

Lehali

Lemerig

Lo-Toga

Löyöp

Mota

Mwerlap

Mwesen

Mwotlap

Nume

Olrat

Vera’a

Volow

Vurës

Maewo–Ambae–
North Pentecost

Baetora

Duidui

Northeast Ambae

Raga

Sun̄wadaga

Sun̄wadia

South Pentecost

Apma

Sa

Ske

Sowa †

Espiritu Santo

Akei

Aore †

Araki

Cape Cumberland

Nokuku

Kiai

M̈av̈ea

Merei-Tiale

Mores

Sakao

Shark Bay

Tamambo

Tangoa

Tasiriki

Tolomako

Tutuba

Wusi

Nuclear
Southern
Oceanic

Central
Vanuatu

North Efate

Nafsan

Efatese

Eton

Lelepa

Makura

Daakaka

Dalkalaen

Lonwolwol

Paamese

Port Vato

Southeast Ambrym

Epi

Baki

Bierebo

Bieria

Lamen

Lewo

Maii

Malakula

Aulua

Avava

Aveteian

Axamb

Big Nambas

Botovro

Burmbar

Bwenelang

Larëvat

Lendamboi

Litzlitz

Malfaxal

Malua Bay

Maskelynes

Nahavaq

Nasarian

Nasvang

Nāti

Navwien

Nese

Neve'ei

Neverver

Ninde

Nisvai

Nitita

Port Sandwich

Rerep

Sörsörian

Tape

Tirax

Unua

Northeast Malakula

Vao

Vivti

Rutan

Alovas

Najit

Njav

South Vanuatu

Erromango

Erromanga / Sie

Sorung †

Ura

Utaha / Ifo †

Tanna

Kwamera / South Tanna

Lenakel / West Tanna

North Tanna

Southwest Tanna

Whitesands / East Tanna

Aneityum

Loyalties–
New Caledonia

Loyalty Islands

Drehu

Iaai

Nengone

New Caledonian

Southern

Ajië

Arhâ

Arhö

Ndrumbea

Neku

Numèè

Orowe

Tîrî

Xârâcùù

Xârâgurè

Zire †

Northern

Bwatoo

Caac

Cèmuhî

Fwâi

Haeke

Haveke

Hmwaveke

Jawe

Kumak

Nemi

Nyâlayu

Paicî

Pije

Pwaamei

Pwapwâ

Vamale

Waamwang †

Yuanga

Micronesian

Nauruan

Nuclear
Micronesian

Gilbertese

Kosraean

Marshallese

Chuukic–
Pohnpeic

Chuukic

Carolinian

Chuukese

Mapia †

Mortlockese

Namonuito

Pááfang

Puluwatese

Satawalese

Sonsorol

Tanapag

Tobian

Ulithian

Woleaian

Pohnpeic

Mokilese

Ngatikese

Pingelapese

Pohnpeian

Central
Pacific

West

Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua

Rotuman

Western Fijian

East

Fijian

Gone Dau

Lauan

Lomaiviti

Polynesian

Nuclear
Polynesian

Kapingamarangi

Nuguria

Nukumanu

Nukuoro

Ontong Java

Sikaiana

Takuu

Tuvaluan

Samoic

Niuatoputapu †

Samoan

Tokelauan

Eastern

Austral

Cook Islands Māori

Hawaiian

Mangareva

Māori

Moriori †

Marquesan

Penrhyn

Rakahanga-Manihiki

Rapa

Rapa Nui

Tahitian

Tuamotuan

Futunic

Anuta

Emae

Futuna-Aniwa / West Futunan

Futunan / East Futunan

Mele-Fila

Pukapukan

Rennellese

Tikopia

Wallisian / East Uvean

West Uvean

Tongic

Niuafoʻou ?

Niuean

Tongan

* indicates proposed status

? indicates classification dispute

† indicates extinct status

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tawbuid_language&oldid=1123981920"

Categories:

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This page was last edited on 26 November 2022, at 19:26 (UTC).

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